The Scottish Government

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

--?

Project would be progressed rapidly in response to urgency of current problem - resulting in short to long-term effects, some of which may be permanent. Potential for cumulative and synergistic effects when viewed alongside other proposed national developments on the Firth of Forth.

There is potential for significant adverse ecological effects, although the FRCS Environmental Report notes that there will be no direct impacts on Natura sites. There are nevertheless particular implications with regard to Natura sites on the Firth of Forth, including the Firth of Forth SPA (construction disturbance) and the River Teith SAC as demonstrated in the scheme FRCSSEA. Disturbance of protected species, morphological changes and loss of feeding habitat are all concerns. Potential implications of road connections for St. Margaret's Marsh SSSI and other valuable habitats and ecological networks including for some protected species (otters). Appropriate assessment has been undertaken to identify mitigation measures.

Promotes human health

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Temporary short-term disbenefits, ultimately being replaced by longer term benefits.

The replacement crossing is ultimately seeking to reduce road congestion and improve quality of life for people commuting to and from Edinburgh, and the wider population of east central Scotland. Potential for short-term health impacts arising from major construction project, as a result of noise, construction traffic and vibration. Long term effects may arise from the increase in traffic overall, although these would be less significant if the bridge operates as a replacement crossing. The bridge would include cycle and pedestrian crossings, thereby potentially stimulating further opportunities for physical activity.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

-/+

Ranging from short to long term. Direct and indirect effects. Negative, but not expected to be significant overall as a result of construction effects being largely temporary.

As above - there would be potential disbenefits during construction phase being replaced in longer term with more positive benefits for local communities. Possible community severance also noted in the SEA for the scheme. Some communities may have further to travel to access the new crossing, and as a result effects may be negative for specific members of the population. The bridge would include cycle and pedestrian crossings, thereby maintaining accessibility.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

-/++

Benefits extending into medium term as construction is completed.

The crossing would primarily accommodate road transport, and would therefore be at odds with the objective of reducing road-borne commuting. It would, however, meet a demonstrated need to maintain transport infrastructure of national significance - providing wider infrastructure benefits in terms of connectivity on the east coast.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+/--?

Potential for longer term disbenefits in relation to transport sector emissions, with positive effects arising for local air quality issues as a result of reduced congestion.

The project-specific SEA concludes that the scheme might produce minor benefits in terms of emissions from the transport sector (due to reduced congestion), although these might be undermined by overall energy use generated by the project throughout its life cycle, and by potential longer term increases in traffic volumes and travel distance, and this is relevant to the NPF in light of its 2030 timescale. The bridge option makes provision for an increase in capacity (6 lanes), and so long term effects in terms of transport emissions may be significant and adverse. ³ Inclusion of a dedicated public transport lane and other transport management measures could mitigate potential increases in traffic emissions to a limited extent. Secondary adverse air quality effects may arise for some routes that link the bridge with the centre of Edinburgh, and these could be significant when considered in combination with wider development proposals for West Edinburgh and when the existing air quality issues (an AQMA designation) are taken into account. ⁴

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Long term exacerbation of flood risk compounded by climate change. Synergistic in relation to biodiversity.

The SEA of the scheme predicts generally minor adverse impacts on the water environment arising from associated traffic impacts. Potentially adverse cumulative effects on flood risk and in terms of diffuse pollution as a result of soil sealing / increased areas of hardstanding - further flood risk assessment of the scheme, taking into account its downstream effects, would be required. The extent to which climate change and possible long-term coastal erosion have been built into the project -specific assessment is unclear. The bridge will have impacts during construction, as a result of short term morphological change for the Firth of Forth, and due to the cumulative effects arising from construction of road connections.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

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Particular issues arising in the short term during construction. Impacts on water quality could also have repercussions for biodiversity (see above).

Potentially significant adverse effects for soil (and also geology) predicted with the SEA for the project, as a result primarily of soil sealing but also due to the associated potential for diffuse pollution. Loss of agricultural land, including areas which are of prime quality, were noted in the SEA of the crossing options.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

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Potential loss of prime quality agricultural land (see above). Likely to produce disbenefits in relation to the waste hierarchy, given resource requirements and potential construction methods. Recycling opportunities could be increased through climate change driven mitigation - e.g. use of recycled materials in construction. The SEA of the options states that large amounts of waste would be generated, but there may be an opportunity to reuse materials in the construction of new roads infrastructure.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

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Loss of / damage to historic resources and impacts on the setting of sites would be permanent.

There is potential for significant adverse effects on archaeology and nationally important sites. It is important to recognise the protected status of the existing bridges - any development of this scale and in this location will affect their setting. The bridge option is predicted to have direct impacts on a Scheduled Monument, as well as affecting the setting of numerous other sites and listed buildings, the Hopetoun GDL and three further non-inventory GDLs. Effects on the Queensferry Conservation Area and marine archaeology were also noted in the SEA of the options.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--

Significant short-term effects during construction, with longer term and permanent impacts from the bridge.

Existing bridges are noted in landscape characterisation as iconic nationally recognised views, reflecting landscape sensitivity to further development. The bridge could affect views into and out of landscapes which are designated for local protection including Dalmeny and Hopetoun House Inventory listed Garden and Designed Landscape. The SEA of the bridge option predicts moderate adverse effects on the setting of the Hopetoun House GDL, as well as loss of an area of ancient woodland to the east of St. Margaret's Hope. The development would increase the overall prominence of transport structure in the landscape, resulting in major adverse permanent effects. A high quality design response is required to mitigate adverse landscape and visual impacts.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-

Largely secondary effects given the relative lack of protected habitats in the vicinity of the development. Potential for some direct loss of habitats.

Loss of semi-natural habitats is possible in the long term as greenfield land is being safeguarded for future development. Potential secondary effects arising from increased air transport emissions, water quality reduction and impact on soils. Addressing flooding issues my offer opportunities to enhance habitats. Effects may arise for the Firth of Forth SPA and the River Teith SAC which should be explored further within an AA.

Promotes human health

-

Secondary effects of a minor scale.

Potential issues arising where the development will lead to expansion of the airport capacity, increasing frequency of flights and potentially increasing associated environmental health issues including noise and air pollution. Most of the communities around the airport are amongst those at lowest risk of health deprivation at present, reducing the likelihood of significant environmental justice or health issues to arise. ⁶

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

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Cumulative effects are likely when the full extent of development components are considered together.

Potential for both positive and negative effects on quality of life for different parts of the community. Significant positive economic effects, with potential secondary effects for quality of life. No significant effects are expected in relation to people who are currently suffering from deprivation, although an increase in economic prosperity could lead to long-term benefits for the Central Belt as a whole. Mitigation of development proposals to avoid further erosion of green belt and its contribution to the setting and quality of environment of West Edinburgh.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-

Medium to long-term disbenefits arising from erosion of the green belt.

Aims to achieve planned development which will relieve pressure for growth on other parts of the city and link economic development with transport accessibility. Further consideration of the potential need to take into account changing environmental capacity arising from climate change (particularly flood risk) would be beneficial to ensure development can be achieved without catchment wide impacts (see water below).

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-- ⁷

Effects will depend on actual construction of additional runway / future expanded capacity which may not arise until the medium to long term. Secondary effects arising from increased emissions on other environmental resources.

Airport expansion is at odds with the objective of achieving a reduction in transport sector emissions. Government policy focuses at present on reducing emissions through fiscal measures and improvements in transport technology across modes ⁸. Disbenefits would be reduced, albeit very slightly, by improved access to the airport by public transport and the aspiration to reduce congestion through transport infrastructure upgrades and locating the economic growth area close to airport - it is important to note that the National Development designation focuses on this aspect of the development. The WEPFSEA predicted that air quality would improve in West Edinburgh, but that an AQMA in the West of the City would not benefit from the development proposals.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

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Need to take a long-term perspective on current and prospective flood risk, informed by climate change predictions and their implications for catchment-level flood risk. Cumulative effects of development components on floodplain functionality.

WEPFSEA raised concerns about development in relation to Gogar Burn. Alteration of River Almond and effects on functionality of River Almond Floodplain are potentially significant issues for the local water environment. Continuation of catchment wide integrated planning will continue to be required to manage this in a sustainable way, and there is also a need to view potential longer term capacity in light of climate change. Potential for any associated infrastructure upgrades or increase in areas of hardstanding to lead to further diffuse pollution.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Depends on the pace of growth envisaged - negative effects may not arise until the medium to longer term.

Soil sealing will inevitably take place where previously undeveloped land is developed. This will have implications for flood risk as noted above.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

-

The development would largely take place on green field land, and would therefore be at odds with objectives relating to reuse of brownfield land, vacant and derelict land remediation.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

The WEPFSEA noted some potential effects on cultural heritage resources, including a SAM and listed building, and proposed mitigation to avoid direct effects on them as a result. However, the wider cultural value of the landscape within which Edinburgh is set would be vulnerable to the development, and loss of green field land would have implications for known and unknown archaeological resources.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--

This part of the Edinburgh Greenbelt is already partly defined by major transport infrastructure, but also makes an important contribution to the city's overall setting. Further loss of greenfield land could lead to erosion of some important aspects of landscape character.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-?

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development. Possible direct implications for Natura protected site.

Potential effects from further expansion on the nearby Black Cart SPA and in particular Whooper Swans are already well documented, but would require further consideration as specific locational and operational details began to emerge. Innovative mitigation measures to manage protected birds and their habitats might need to be extended further to accommodate future development. Loss of further greenfield land would be negative for biodiversity more generally.

Promotes human health

-

Secondary effects of a minor scale.

Potential issues arising where development will lead to expansion of airport capacity, increasing frequency of flights and potentially exacerbating associated environmental health issues, including noise and air pollution. There are existing problems with health inequalities being experienced by some communities in the vicinity of the airport, although this varies at the local level. ⁹

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-

Development seeks to make a significant positive contribution to economic development, thereby contributing to quality of life. Potential for negative effects as a result of loss of greenbelt and general environmental impacts, including noise and disturbance.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development.

Loss of green belt land would detract from benefits of the designation. Surface transport infrastructure improvements would provide a relatively sustainable solution, reducing potential for traffic congestion and implications for air quality.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-- ¹⁰

Airport expansion is at odds with objectives that seek to achieve a reduction in transport sector emissions. Government policy focuses on reducing emissions through fiscal measures and improvements in transport technology across modes. ¹¹ Disbenefits would be reduced to a limited extent by improvements in access to airport by public transport ( GARL) and the aspiration to reduce congestion through other transport infrastructure upgrades.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development

Potential for flooding issues also requires further consideration at the more detailed stage of development.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development. Secondary effects on other environmental resources.

Development will result in loss of soils, soil sealing, and possibly loss of agricultural land, which would in combination reduce the functionality of soil in the area, potentially resulting in secondary effects on other resources such as biodiversity, archaeology and water.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

-

Development would largely take place on greenfield land.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development.

Potential for loss or damage to archaeological resources. This would require further investigation at a more detailed stage in the development process.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-

Negative effects would be long term as designation primarily safeguards land for future development

Loss of green belt land would have implications for a landscape that has already been significantly altered by strategic transport infrastructure. This part of the green belt is identified as a sensitive wedge within the overall green network of Glasgow and Clyde Valley. ¹²

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-?

Secondary effects arising from air quality impacts

The Airport masterplan states that the impact of developments programmed to 2015 on biodiversity will be minimal. BAA Aberdeen continue to work with SNH, Aberdeenshire Council and Aberdeen City Council to manage the expansion of the airport in an environmentally sound way. The nearest protected sites to the airport are Corby, Lilly and Bishops Loch SSSIs - all located around 4 miles from the airport. BAA states that the masterplan will have no effects on these sites, although it also acknowledges that further examination of ecological effects will required in the longer term ¹³. The EIA supporting the planning application for the 200m northern extension to the main runway confirms only minimal impacts on designated site surrounding the airport. BAA Aberdeen has been developing a Biodiversity Action Plan in collaboration with Glasgow and Edinburgh Airports. This should provide measures for biodiversity safeguarding and enhancement. ¹⁴ Negative effects on air quality could have secondary effects on biodiversity.

Promotes human health

-

Potential for secondary negative effects on physical and mental health arising from increased noise and vibration.

Potential issues arising where the development will lead to expansion of the airport capacity, increasing frequency of flights and potentially increasing associated environmental health issues including noise and air pollution, as anticipated by some stakeholders in their response to the proposed master plan for the expansion of the airport. ¹⁵

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-?

Development seeks to make a significant positive contribution to economic development, thereby contributing to quality of life. Significant positive economic effects, with potential secondary effects for quality of life. No significant benefits are anticipated for people who are currently suffering from deprivation, although an increase in economic prosperity could lead to long-term benefits for the Aberdeenshire and wider remote rural communities

The Aberdeen City Council Local Transport Strategy Draft Environmental Report ¹⁶ notes that expansion of the airport will have negative effects including increased noise and vibration. Mitigation in the form of joint working to reduce and manage this as far as possible is proposed to reduce these effects. This will be explored further within the Aberdeen and Aberdeen City and Shire Structure Plan SEA. ¹⁷ The scoping report for this identifies relevant data, including 118 registered complaints in the period 1999-2004, of which only 10% related to the activity of fixed wing aircraft, and the majority overall came from Dyce and Bucksburn residents. Potential for both positive and negative effects on quality of life for different parts of the community.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

0

The airport site appears not to be at risk of flooding, currently or in the longer term. The national development status would include infrastructure improvements, and the master planning has provided a planned approach which ensures the airport has been considered in relation to wider settlement patterns. However, the likely increase in emissions generated by increased use of the airport result in adverse effects, as compared to the potential for positive effects from increased accessibility via less polluting forms of transport (e.g. long distance rail links).

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

--

Secondary effects from air quality on wider environmental receptors.

Airport expansion is at odds with the objective of achieving a reduction in transport sector emissions with expansion having the potential to generate significant negative effects. Government policy focuses at present on reducing emissions through fiscal measures and improvements in transport technology across modes. ¹⁸ The proposed increase in passenger numbers will lead to significant adverse effects in terms of emissions targets. The air industry continues to consider options to reduce these effects through measures such as carbon trading.

Possibly more minor negative effects on local air quality will arise from expansion of the airport, ¹⁹ although it is not expected that these would be significant as they would not compromise air quality standards for NO₂ or PM ₁₀ in the period up to 2015 and beyond ²⁰ and are unlikely to have implications for the nearby AQMA covering part of Aberdeen City Centre. The master plan also states that an air quality strategy has been developed for the airport which sets out objectives to reduce the impacts of the airport on air quality.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0

Any negative effects on the water environment could have secondary implications for the soil environment

Potential increased pressure on surface and groundwater bodies - this is subjected to continuous monitoring in collaboration with SEPA. The Scotland RBMPSWMI Report characterisation shows that water bodies immediately adjacent to the airport are currently 'at risk'. ²¹ The airport's surface water drains into the Mains of Dyce, the Farburn and the River Don. BAA has invested in surface water containment and treatment facilities, allowing surface water to be captured and treated before discharge. The master plan notes that the extent of hardstanding means that water runs off relatively quickly into watercourses, and as a result they are committed to managing the volume of run off for example through the use of SUDs.

Regular water quality monitoring is undertaken of local watercourses to ensure that activities such as vehicle and aircraft washing, de-icing, maintenance, construction, refuelling, waste and cargo handling and fire training are effectively managed. BAA work closely with SEPA to protect the water environment in the environs of the airport. It is not anticipated that the expansion to 2015 would raise significant issues for the water environment, but it is accepted that longer term plans will require further assessment.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Secondary implications of changes to soil for the water environment.

Soil sealing will inevitably take place where previously undeveloped land is developed. The development to 2015 could result in development of an additional 11 hectares of land beyond the current airport boundary and some of this is likely to be currently undeveloped. Airport developments include a relatively high level of hardstanding with implications for soil sealing.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

The masterplan notes that waste management is undertaken, increasing the proportion of waste generated by the airport which is recycled from 14% in 2000-01 to 29% by 2005-06, and it is expected that this will be increased in the future. Potential benefits for development of peripheral rural areas, given that the airport provides key air links to and from some marginal rural areas.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Secondary effects arising from increased noise and vibration.

Potential for increased air travel could have repercussions for the historic built environment, as a result of increased vibration and possible air pollution. ²² The master plan notes that the proposed enhancements could have effects on known archaeological remains in the vicinity of the airport. As a result, the runway extension will be accompanied by a watching brief during construction, should remains be discovered.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

Potential secondary effects arising from associated ground transport infrastructure improvements.

The Aberdeen LCA²³ shows that the airport is located within Dyce Plain. Changes in this area are likely to be highly visible given its topography, and the airport already forms a key feature in its own right. However, the assessment suggests that additional development could be easily accommodated with minimal environmental effects. It also recommends the use of roadside tree planting to screen historic sites from industrial development.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

0/+?

Potential minor positive effects over the long term if commitments to enhancement are achieved. Further potential for damage or disturbance likely to be avoided through monitoring proposals.

The airport area itself has little biodiversity value as it is largely developed, and this was confirmed in an ecological survey carried out for the development of the golf driving range in 2007. The draft master plan proposes enhancement of the Pow Burn to improve its role as a wildlife corridor - the burn is used by otters as an access route to and from the sea. Nearby sites of value include Troon Golf Links and Foreshore Site SSSI, The Pow Burn & Prestwick Golf Course (an Ornithological Site), the Pow Mill Burn Wildlife Site, The Pow Burn Wildlife Corridor and the Glasgow to Stranraer railway link. No effects on these sites are expected although ongoing seasonal assessment is proposed to ensure long term development of the airport has no adverse effects. Bird hazards are also considered. The operator proposes regular liaison with environmental bodies in the future. The planning consent for the development of a former driving range into a car parking area included conditions that require creation of a wildlife corridor along the Pow Burn - further enhancements are likely to be feasible as part of the broader redevelopment of the airport as a whole. ²⁵

Promotes human health

0/-?

Cumulative effects arising over the long term as activity grows in line with increased capacity. Potential for cumulative effects when taken in combination with other land uses in the vicinity of the airport, including major road and rail infrastructure.

Health impacts may arise from changes to air quality,. Whilst the unpublished draft master plan expects emissions to decrease when considered as a proportion of travel activity, overall the growth of the airport will result in an increase in emissions overall. The health effects of this are not, however, expected to be significant, given that there are no problems at present and monitoring and mitigation are being built into the master plan proposals. Noise can also lead to mental health issues - noise monitoring is undertaken and the operator has in place a range of tools to avoid any acceptable effects on neighbouring communities. To date, no significant noise issues appear to have arisen from the operation of the airport, even although there is no curfew on night time flights. The operator is also working with planning authorities to ensure that effects are not exacerbated by inappropriate use of neighbouring land.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

-/+

Temporary effects during construction, with possible long term issues arising from operation

There are potential benefits for quality of life arising from increased employment and economic activity in the area. However, also possible adverse effects on amenity as a result of noise and air quality issues explained above.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Long term flooding issues may arise - further assessment is required. Possible short term impacts during construction.

Improved surface transport infrastructure serving the airport should also benefit communities around the airport, potentially increasing accessibility of new development areas. Negative effects may arise for the local population during construction. Some parts of the airport are known to be at risk of flooding, but this is not currently expected to be a major barrier to development. A full Flood Risk Assessment would be required as the more detailed proposals are developed. This should take into account long term capacity for growth, including in light of climate change impacts (e.g. increased storm frequency and seasonal precipitation).

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

--

Long term cumulative effects.

Airport expansion is at odds with the objective of achieving a reduction in transport sector emissions. Government policy focuses at present on reducing emissions through fiscal measures and improvements in transport technology across modes. ²⁶ The proposed increase in passenger numbers will lead to significant adverse effects in terms of emissions targets. The air industry continues to consider options to reduce these effects through measures such as carbon trading. The master plan also notes the contribution of surface transport to emissions. There are, however, no localised air quality issues arising for the development at present. ²⁷ The operator is aiming to maximise the energy efficiency of the airport's operations.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-?

Effects could be effectively mitigated but attention to long term cumulative impacts will be required.

Ongoing monitoring of discharges and run off is being undertaken and reported regularly to SEPA. Mitigation is in place to avoid contamination arising from operations and accidents. The Pow Burn is potentially vulnerable to the growth in the airport, already being affected by diffuse pollution from surface water run off. The watercourse has already been culverted to run under part of the airport. Work is being undertaken to minimise use of water by the operational side of the airport, although demand will grow as the airport expands. Flooding issues are also noted above.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Potential for secondary effects arising from disturbance of contaminated land will be mitigated

It is expected that the development can be accommodated within the existing airport boundary, and that additional land take will be minimal. The draft master plan suggests that the development could take place on previously contaminated land but no secondary effects are expected for environmental receptors. Best practice will be used in rehabilitation of the land and contamination from runoff will be investigated and monitored. Measures such as topsoil storage and reuse will be used during construction. However, it is important to note that airport developments by their very nature involve significant levels of soil sealing as a result of the area of hardstanding required for components such as runways.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Although expansion and construction could generate additional waste, the airport is working to increased levels of waste recycling. Levels of reuse of brownfield land are unclear at this stage, but potentially beneficial as noted above. The expansion of the airport is likely to provide further benefits to rural communities in Ayrshire through improved accessibility by air and surface transport connections.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-?

Possible cumulative effects arising from long term development on the setting of a range of historic sites in the vicinity of the airport

The draft master plan emphasises the value of the airport as a historic and cultural resource in its own right, and the importance of wider Ayrshire. The Pow Burn Bridge is recorded within the National Monuments Record of Scotland and is a listed building and the Airport Terminal building is also recorded by the National Monuments Record of Scotland. ²⁸ The draft master plan makes provision to protect these resources. Numerous other sites of interest are recorded in PASTMAP in the vicinity of the airport. Mitigation will be required to minimise adverse effects on their and other unknown historic and archaeological resources - this should be determined at the project level.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-/+

Scope for cumulative long term negative effects, as well as positive effects arising from landscape mitigation and enhancement

A landscape assessment was carried out in 2007 for the redevelopment of the Golf Driving Range as an airport car park. The airport lies within the Ayrshire Basin which comprises an extensive semiâ€circle of lowland focused on the country of Ayr. The character is defined by being heavily populated with a dense network of settlements and roads. The predicted significance of visual impacts of the potential development of the golf range was considered to be minimal and proposals were accompanied by measures for landscape enhancement. It is anticipated that similarly limited landscape effects would arise from the longer term plans for the airport, given the existing character of the landscape within which it is set, although cumulative effects over the long term should be taken into account given the scale of development proposed as compared with the golf range redevelopment. Opportunities to improve the landscape and for mitigation such as screening should be explored at the more detailed design level.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

--

Permanent negative effects, with cumulative effects on numerous sites. Possible secondary effects arising from changes to the water environment

There are numerous sensitive biodiversity sites along the route, with sites clustered around the road particularly south of Aviemore to Blair Atholl, where the road is only partly dualled at present. The A9 crosses the River Tay SAC and the edge of the Tullach Hills and Ben Vrackie SSSIs, and further sites close to the route include two SACs, one further SPA, a Ramsar site and several SSSIs. ²⁹ The improvements could also impact upon an NNR. Whilst these effects remain uncertain given that the precise route and location of improvements has not been fully defined, significant effects can be reasonably expected, given the value and sensitivity of these sites to this type of development. Whilst it may be possible to construct and site the road in such away that damage and disturbance is minimised for these sites, there will be a particular need to ensure that any further linear transport infrastructure does not create further fragmentation of strategic habitat networks. Further assessment of effects, particularly on Natura Sites, will be required.

Promotes human health

-/+

Potentially long term positive effects, although more negative effects may arise in the short term during the construction period.

The proposals for dualling the A9 are based on a need to improve safety. There were 19 fatal accidents on single carriageway sections between 2003 and 2007, as compared to only 5 on dual carriageway sections. No current air quality issues exist along the route at present. There are, however, some receptors along the route that would be sensitive to an increase in noise.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-

As above

It is anticipated that dualling would improve the prospects of rural communities along the route, as well as Perth and Inverness. However, possible temporary adverse effects may also arise at a local level for some communities during construction.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/-?

As noted above, it is suggested that these improvements would benefit communities along the route. However road improvements could stimulate development which is dependent on car access, as compared to a more sustainable focus on public transport accessibility. The development would make best use of existing infrastructure, thereby providing a more sustainable alternative than other options such as new route construction.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-

Significant negative effects on carbon dioxide emissions, with more neutral effects on other aspects of air pollution

Studies have repeatedly shown that road capacity improvements are likely to result in increased vehicle numbers using routes, thereby increasing transport energy consumption. The decrease in journey time that the route improvements would facilitate would contribute to an increase in CO ₂ emissions, but other air quality issues including PM ₁₀ and NO₂ emissions have been shown to be less problematic as a result of currently low emission levels and the lack of significant change in levels which is expected to arise from the improvements.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0/-?

Potential for cumulative adverse effects, depending on scale of development and use of mitigation (e.g. SUDs).

The Scotland RBD Significant Water Management Issues Report ³⁰ shows that no waterbodies along the course of the proposed route are currently at risk as a result of diffuse pollution from urban development. Enhanced transport infrastructure could increase water pollution arising from run off. There may be a need for engineered change to watercourses or bodies in the vicinity of the route. The A9 crosses a number of rivers which may be affected by the dualling, although these effects will be dependent on the application of existing consenting regimes including Controlled Activities Regulations. There are also flooding issues arising in areas such as Kingussie and the River Spey, which have the potential to be resolved through sustainable and innovative route planning. Given the lack of water quality issues at present, it is not anticipated that the proposals would generate any significant adverse environmental effects, although considerable uncertainty remains, requiring more detailed assessment and mitigation.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Primary and secondary effects.

The development is likely to result in loss of previously undeveloped land of varying agricultural including some Class 2 areas between Pitlochry and Perth and organic quality. Given that the road runs through areas of peatland, loss of these resources will require mitigation to avoid release of carbon and minimise the loss of high quality agricultural land as far as possible.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Secondary effects arising from improved accessibility.

There should be scope to maximise the efficiency of the project through the use of recycled materials and sustainable waste management. No significant positive or negative effects are anticipated in relation to use of brownfield land. As noted previously, rural development should be positively supported by the project as a result of improved accessibility and the contribution of the project to quality of life overall.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Potential for permanent loss of resources and long term changes to the setting of historic sites.

There are several Gardens and Designed Landscapes located close to the route. Many known and unknown archaeological remains and listed buildings (including Category A buildings close to the route) could be directly or indirectly affected by the development. ³¹ Mitigation through a watching brief, preservation, and if necessary excavation and recording of resources could minimise adverse effects. Appropriate siting, design and landscaping would be required to avoid significant adverse effects on the setting of historic sites and landscapes.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--?

Potential for significant negative cumulative effects

As this project would be focusing on the existing route, effects have the potential to be limited to minor. However, further encroachment of sensitive landscape areas around transport infrastructure is likely to arise. The route passes through the Cairngorms National Park and National Scenic Areas, and further NSAs at Loch Tummel and the River Tay at Dunkeld and AGLVs could also be affected, and as a result there is potential for adverse effects to be significant. However, SNH note that the influence of humans on the landscape is already evident within existing transport corridors including the A9. ³² Appropriate design, siting and landscaping would be required to minimise the effects of the development on sensitive landscapes.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

--?

Cumulative adverse effects arising along the length of the route. Potential secondary effects on biodiversity arising at some sections where surface and groundwater that support important ecology are adversely affected. Secondary effects from impacts on soil resources.

The Route Action Plan study suggests that ecological effects could be moderate or major from the sections from Tarbet to Pulpit Rock, from there to Inverarnan, at Loch Tulla and from the Corran Ferry to Fort William. Further severance of habitat networks could occur from strengthening the linear infrastructure and reducing scope for species migration over the long term. At the detailed design stage appropriate measures should be taken to reduce loss or damage to habitats and avoid the effects of increased habitat fragmentation on key species. Several designated sites are located close to the route or extend across it, increasing the likelihood of significant negative effects on biodiversity. This includes several SACs (Rannoch Moor, Glen Coe, Onich to North Ballachullish Woods and Glen Falloch Pinewood) and numerous further SSSIs. ³³ Further assessment of the detailed proposals is therefore required.

Promotes human health

++

Long term primary and secondary positive effects particularly in terms of health improvement.

The proposals include a range of measures that would improve the safety of the route for vehicle users, cyclists and pedestrians. This might take the form of additional speed cameras and targeted physical improvements. Improved pedestrian and cycle facilities could also contribute to increasing levels of physical activity by local people and visitors, thereby reducing short journeys by car and improving physical and mental health and wellbeing. No negative effects from significantly reduced air quality are expected.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-

Long term benefits arising from strategic investment. Potential secondary short and long term effects

A study by HITRANS³⁴ showed that the improvements could generate economic benefits for rural communities along the course of the route. Benefits for tourism are also expected. Accessibility would be enhanced, reducing factors that contribute to rural deprivation (e.g. lack of access to services). No significant noise or vibration impacts from the enhancements are expected, with a moderate positive impact predicted from the Loch Tulla climbing lane. Secondary negative effects may arise from effects during construction (delays, construction noise etc) during the short term, and from longer term effects such as landscape deterioration.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Possible longer term issues arising from climate change and its effects on soil stability, flooding etc.

Road improvements will not necessarily help to deliver more sustainable patterns of development such as growth being linked to sustainable transport modes. However, within a rural setting, the road improvements are likely to be the most feasible means of delivering appropriate infrastructure to accommodate long term growth. Long term capacity for climate change adaptation should be built into the road improvements to ensure the longevity of investment.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

0?

Road enhancement is known to generate additional traffic movements. Given the lack of alternatives to improving the route and the implicit need for road access within rural areas due to reduced public transport options, it is not anticipated that its enhancement would generate significant adverse effects in the form of transport emissions. The introduction of average speed measures could improve speed efficiency on the route, thereby reducing CO ₂ emissions. Improved cycling facilities may encourage a favourable modal shift in some cases, amongst some visitors and in relation to shorter local journeys.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-?

Secondary effects arising from changes to the soil environment (see below).

The Route Action Plan Study shows that minor and neutral effects on water quality are anticipated from development of most parts of the route, with moderate adverse effects predicted from the improvements to the Loch Tulla Climbing Lane and the section from Corran Ferry to Fort William. There is potential for effects on Loch Lomond, Loch Tulla, the River Tay, Loch Lubnaig, and the River Teith. These water courses are covered by a range of national and international designations. Any changes to the route would be subjected to appropriate consenting and regulatory regimes including the CAR. Further assessment and mitigation would be required at the design stage.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-?

Negative effects on soil may be permanent (e.g. increased soil sealing.

The RAPS shows that moderate adverse effects on soils and geology are expected from the Pulpit Rock to Inverarnan and Corran Ferry to Fort William sections of the route. However, actual effects will depend on the nature and location of interventions which are progressed. It is anticipated that effects could be mitigated to an extent at the detailed design stage, and good practice during construction could also limit their significance.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

The development has the potential to make a positive contribution to rural development by improving safety and accessibility for local people and visitors. Use of recycled materials and appropriate waste management should be used during construction. There are currently no positive or negative effects expected in relation to the re-use of brownfield land.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

--?

Secondary effects on the setting of sites arising from landscape change, soil disturbance and changes to the water environment

Only neutral effects on cultural heritage are predicted in the RAPS. However, PASTMAP shows that there are numerous recorded sites along the length of the route and there are likely to also be significant unknown archaeological resources. The route may also affect the setting of several historic buildings and gardens and designed landscapes. The cultural heritage value of landscapes such as Glencoe are also of international and national significance, providing a major contribution to heritage and tourism.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

--?

Short term (construction activities) to long term (impact of enhanced road infrastructure). Effects likely to be cumulative, as experienced by road users sequentially.

The route is largely covered by two National Scenic Areas - Loch Lomond NSA and Ben Nevis and Glen Coe NSA, making it potentially sensitive to further infrastructure development. The RAP suggests that there will be negative effects on landscape, particularly in the sections from Tarbet to South of Pulpit Roach Pulpit Rock to Inverarnan, Loch Tulla and to a lesser extent between Corran Ferry and Fort William. Mitigation through appropriate design, landscape enhancement, screening etc. may reduce these effects but they are nevertheless expected at this stage to be potentially be significant given the importance of the receiving environment.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

--?

Potentially significant cumulative adverse effects should be limited by integration of development and greenspace planning.

The Moray Firth SAC, Loch Flemington SPA and Inner Moray Firth SPA and Ramsar Site are located in close proximity to the area, as well as several SSSIs, and as a result any losses, damage or disturbance has the potential to be significant. The SEA of the masterplan for the area predicted that greenfield sites would be lost to development, with associated impacts on biodiversity and habitat network connectivity. There will be a need for enhancement and measures to provide habitat linkages across linear infrastructure to limit these potentially adverse effects. Green space and network enhancement and integration into settlement wide planning could increase biodiversity value in some areas over the long term, to some extent compensating for the negative effects of the development proposals.

Promotes human health

+

Potential negative secondary effects arising from construction should be mitigated. Cumulative adverse effects have the potential to occur over the long term, but should be avoided through a plan led approach to the development.

Large scale development, in migration and changing community identity could have negative effects on the mental health of existing communities if not appropriately managed and phased - mitigation will be required to avoid adverse effects, including participative community planning and positive engagement in the process. New health facilities are included within the masterplan. Provision of improved cycling and walking infrastructure may also encourage physical activity. Possible transport interventions could help to address the particularly high accident rates on the A96.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-

Long term positive effects, with potential for short term disbenefits if not appropriately planned and mitigated.

There is potential for negative effects in the short to medium term during construction, but it is expected that these can be effectively mitigated. The integrated development and infrastructure should help to deliver significant amounts of land for housing development, and there will be provision for affordable housing. Employment and investment will be generated, thereby contributing to quality of life. The masterplan aims to stimulate long term community coherence by promoting neighbourhoods and through consultation and phasing of development. Improved education opportunities through provision of new facilities for various levels of learning. Transport improvements may lead to improved community linkages and access to services between Inverness and Nairn. However issues such as noise increases arising from potentially higher vehicle speeds as a result of transport improvements, and the effects during construction could adversely impact on residential amenity and the wellbeing of existing communities in the short to medium term.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Long term benefits.

This is positively planned future development, which aims to achieve growth within a framework for environmental protection and enhancement, maximising opportunities for sustainability as far as possible. The development framework proposes green infrastructure as well as improvements to water and drainage networks and transport capacity and connectivity.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-?

Long term negative effect from an overall increase in travel distance. Mitigation will be undertaken to limit this as far as possible.

Energy consumption and green house gas emissions will increase overall. No specific measures for renewables or energy efficiency are included within the masterplan - this requires further work at the project level. Although it is likely that the development will lead to an overall increase in distance travelled by road, proposals should help to limit the overall increase in travel by integrating growth with improvements to rail, walking and cycling. Possible transport improvements including upgrading of the A96 could lead to negative effects by generating increased levels of transport and therefore higher CO ₂ emissions. However, other options for improved capacity could reduce congestion in some key areas, thereby reducing the overall increase in emissions and dispersing them over a wider area.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-

Secondary effects arising from increased transport movements, soil sealing etc.

The proposals could lead to diffuse pollution and put pressure on water infrastructure, although proactive capacity enhancement that is phased alongside development proposals should ensure the latter is positively managed. Development proposed within the masterplan has been directed away from the flood plain and mitigation measures include recommended methodologies for SUDS. The expansion will, however, lead to an increase in demand for water and sewage capacity overall and could result in increased risk of flooding in the longer term, depending on the influence of climate change. Transport interventions would be subjected to appropriate regulatory regimes including the CAR, but the sensitivity of the area to flooding and the high quality of on and offshore water bodies in the vicinity of the site demands a careful approach to mitigation if significant adverse effects are to be avoided.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-

Minor negative effects - permanent loss arising from soil sealing.

The development proposals will involve some development on previously undeveloped land, but this has been minimised as far as possible within the masterplan. Rural development has been minimised in favour of development of the urban fringes of Nairn and Inverness.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Secondary effects from brownfield development could arise for biodiversity, water and soil -the use of appropriate remediation and development methods should mitigate these

A proportion of the development will be accommodated on brownfield land, making better use of derelict land. The masterplan does not make specific provision for improved waste management or minimisation facilities, although this is a guiding principle for new developments across the Council area as a whole. However, several aspects of the development will lead to increased use of resources and further work will therefore be required to deliver sustainable waste management at a local level.

Rural development benefits are likely to arise from the development overall. In the long term, an increased population should contribute to improved levels of local service provision, providing that additional facilities are progressed as planned and a proactive approach to infrastructure provision is maintained.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-

Potential form permanent loss of or damage to resources and their settings.

There are numerous protected sites in the area, including Scheduled Monuments and other nationally recorded sites, and listed buildings. Whilst the masterplan has aimed to take historic features into account, the scale of development will unavoidably lead to a major change in the character and setting of known historic sites and buildings. In addition, the development could result in the loss of or damage to unknown archaeological remains in the vicinity of the development area. Planned mitigation should limit adverse effects to a less than significant level.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-/+?

Potentially significant short term impacts, particularly during construction, shifting to potentially positive effects in the longer term as development becomes established and enhancement comes to fruition.

Significant landscape change is likely to take place but can be mitigated through appropriate siting and design, maintenance of key features, views and character, avoidance of coalescence etc. Landscape enhancements are planned as an integral part of the development. The master planning process has focused on working within landscape capacity. The development will nevertheless result in notable landscape and visual effects.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-?

Possible cumulative effects of the combined projects on the Borders wide ecological network.

Depending on the nature and location of the improvements, the project may have adverse effects on biodiversity, as a result of loss or damage to habitats, disturbance of protected species, and fragmentation of wider ecological networks. The A68 and A7 improvements may have effects on the River Tweed SAC, depending on their nature and location. Several of the species and features for which the SAC is designated are currently in unfavourable condition. Increasing the footprint of the development and reinforcing its linear strength may adversely affect the habitat networks at a broad scale. Mitigation may be required at the project level to avoid or minimise adverse effects at the local and broader scale.

Promotes human health

+/-

Longer term positive effects, short term negative effects arising from construction.

The projects may have minor temporary adverse effects on health, depending on their location and proximity to settlements. Positive longer term effects may be expected from improvements to safety.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+/-

Long term positive effects.

The developments are likely to lead to improved road access to and from the Scottish Borders and beyond. Improvements may also stimulate further economic investment in the area. Potential for short term adverse effects arising during construction. No longer term adverse effects are expected at present due to existing air quality and lack of significant environmental problems of relevance to this type of development in the area.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

The development should help to enhance the longer term capacity of settlements on the route for development as a result of improved accessibility. Infrastructure would be improved significantly if all three projects were to be progressed.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

-

Road improvements are likely to stimulate additional road use and travel distance, thereby potentially contributing to an increase in emissions. This type of project is at odds with aspirations for climate change mitigation.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

-?

There may be adverse effects on water bodies, depending on the location and nature of the improvements. However, these are unlikely to be significant, given that regulatory mechanisms are in place to mitigation effects, and in light of the lack of reporting that this is already a significant issue in the area. ³⁷

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-?

As the precise nature of the improvements are not currently known this cannot be fully assessed, although it is reasonable to conclude that addition land take from the development may be required, which results in soil sealing.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Cumulative positive effects, when considered in combination with the Waverley Line reopening and possible extension.

Positive effects on rural development and improving the accessibility of remoter rural areas. Unlikely to result in significant effects with regard to the use of brownfield land or sustainable waste management. The latter could be enhanced through promoting the use of recycled construction materials and project specific waste management proposals.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-?

Potential for cumulative effects, given the length of the routes, but depending on the nature and scale of proposed improvements.

The development may result in loss of or damage to known and unknown historic sites and archaeological resources. Scope for site level mitigation required further exploration at the consent stage. There are numerous recorded sites, Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings located along the lengths of each of the routes. ³⁸

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-?

The A68 and A7 meet within the Eildon and Leaderfoot NSA, and as a result improvements may require further consideration to establish the significance of their landscape effects. Minor effects are predicted as the project would focus on improving existing routes, where an influence on landscape character has already been established. Siting at the project level should take into account potential effects on the landscape setting of the routes. The area's LCA noted the varying capacity of different landscape character areas to accommodate improvements to these routes (as then proposed), giving an insight into potential landscape sensitivity. ³⁹

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

0

Potential for minor secondary benefits arising from reduced air pollution.

Much of the development could be accommodated on disused rail infrastructure which may have some existing biodiversity value, either by supporting species or habitats or value, or as a linear connection within a wider green network. ⁴⁰ However, it is not anticipated that this project would result in negative effects on biodiversity, given the lack of significant value of the areas involved for habitats or species (no known designations on or in the immediate vicinity of the proposed development area). It will be important to ensure that the biodiversity value of railway lines and derelict land is recognised as part of the urban green network - this can be addressed at the more detailed design stage.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary effects arising from reduced transport borne pollution.

The project has the potential to contribute to a reduction in air pollution, polluted run off from road traffic etc. This in turn could have positive secondary effects on health.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Secondary effects arising from improved air quality and the role of the project in facilitating regeneration.

Benefits are expected including for parts of Glasgow and beyond with particularly significant deprivation issues. The project would assist with the delivery of the Clyde Gateway project and support the Commonwealth Games facilities, depending on the timing of delivery and interventions which are taken forward. It is not expected that there would be any demolition or major construction effects that would adversely impact on the local community.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

This project would deliver sustainable infrastructure that helps to ensure new development areas are more accessible by rail transport.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++

Glasgow has three AQMAs, as a result of traffic congestion and pollution, including Glasgow City Centre and Parkhead Cross. The project could make a significant positive contribution to reducing pollution in these areas by helping to deliver a shift to more sustainable modes of transport. The global environmental agenda would also benefit from displacement of road vehicles in favour of the train i.e. climate change mitigation. It is predicted that the new stations could be used by more than 4 million passengers. More detailed calculations of emissions that would be offset by the project cannot be provided at this stage, and so further investigation would be required as options for the scheme are defined, selected and progressed.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

+/-?

The proposed line of the development would cross the Clyde, and could also impact on some of its tributaries. Rail transport in the long term is not expected to generate significant adverse effects in terms of pollution, although morphological alterations may be required to accommodate the development. A reduction in car use within the area could, however, result in decreased diffuse pollution, thereby benefiting the water environment.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

+/-?

Secondary effects.

The project could help to secure the remediation and development of currently derelict and contaminated land, particularly to the south and east of the city centre. Excavations may be required as part of the construction process, although the extent and location of this type of work is not currently known.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

Secondary effects.

As noted above, the project should contribute to brownfield land remediation. No significant effects on waste management or minerals are expected. There may be broader benefits for rural development as a result of the improvements to connectivity at the national scale, and the particular benefits for areas such as south west Scotland, where transport connectivity remains a challenge.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-?

Careful design of the project will be required to ensure that the link does not have adverse effects on the setting of listed buildings, known and unknown archaeology and the wider character of central Glasgow's townscape. Railways are also historic resources in their own right. Any new or increased rail usage should be assessed to avoid further potential adverse effects such as vibration, which could have structural implications particularly for vulnerable heritage resources. Some of the proposed developments, such as the demolition and relocation of High Street Station could have implications for some of the oldest parts of the city, and could change the fabric, character and setting of some well known listed buildings.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

No significant effects on landscape are anticipated at this stage.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-?

Potential cumulative effects arising from a series of local level changes

The improvements will require measures such as vegetation clearance, to ensure all vegetation is at least 2.75m away from the OLE. There are some locally protected nature conservation sites close to the railway, as well as several SSSIs. The railway line forms an important habitat corridor, which assists with the continuity and connectedness of green networks, linking urban areas with their surrounding rural environments. Whilst not formally protected, the importance of avoiding fragmentation of green networks in the Central Belt has been noted during the NPF consultation, particular as existing development and infrastructure have the potential to hinder species migration from south to north. Whilst the improvements would be limited to alterations and additional infrastructure provision, requirements for clearing vegetation could prove locally detrimental. However, only minor negative effects are anticipated.

Promotes human health

+

Secondary effects.

The development could contribute to an improvement in air quality and reduced pollution, as a result of the opportunity it will provide to achieve a shift from road to rail transportation. Safety is key consideration, with mitigation of the electrified line forming a key part of the proposals. This will be required to avoid negative effects from increased risk to the public of the electrified line.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

The project has the potential to make a significant contribution to quality of life for a large number of Central Belt residents, as well as the wider Scottish population.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+

Potential secondary benefits for rural areas.

The project aims to improve the efficiency and use of existing transport infrastructure, as opposed to constituting an entirely new development. The project is likely to have strategic level benefits for regeneration and therefore secondary benefits in terms of reuse of brownfield land. Effects on rural development are more difficult to define, given that the link focuses on connectivity of major urban areas.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++

Potential secondary effects as a result of energy requirements of transport movements

The Network Rail study showed that the estimated power requirement for the core route from Queen Street to Haymarket at peak times is in the region of 10 MW. More than one feeder station will be required, but it is expected that existing power supply arrangements can meet some of the requirements, with a resulting need for one additional feeder station for the route between Winchburgh and Glasgow. This would be provided in the Greenhill area, although there are also alternative options.

Overall the development could lead to an increase in travel distance by rail as a result of improved travel times and the proposed increase in passenger seats per hour, and would therefore require the generation and transmission of significant levels of electricity. It may also displace road transport, particularly car use, which generates higher levels of emissions per passenger kilometre ⁴³, and diesel trains which are also more polluting. Further review of the energy requirements of the development, and scope for mitigation such as sourcing electricity from renewable sources as a compensatory measure, could be explored further at the project level.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

0

No significant effects on water are expected, although more specific effects will require to be addressed at the detailed design level.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

-?

The development may result in some excavations - for example, services crossing the line may require to be laid as underground cables to avoid problems arising from proximity to the OLE. This will require appropriate mitigation at the site level.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

The development aims to make best use of existing infrastructure. Whilst the project could provide benefits from the predominantly urban central belt, benefits for rural areas are likely to be more limited. No effects in relation to sustainable waste management or use of brownfield land.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-?

Minor direct effects predicted, although these may be cumulatively significant, depending on the effectiveness of site level mitigation

Railway infrastructure and buildings can be of significant cultural heritage importance. Alterations to Glasgow Queen Street would be required to accommodate the new system, and it is proposed that this will be undertaken as unobtrusively and sympathetically as possible. Alterations to viaducts and bridges, including some that are listed, may also be required. These effects should be mitigated at the local level. The nature of the changes proposed are unlikely to undermine the integrity of important structures overall. There may also be loss of or damage to several SAMs which are located close to the railway.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

No significant effects on landscape are anticipated from a national perspective as the development would take place on existing infrastructure, which already forms a key feature of the surrounding landscapes. Minor effects arising from new structures should be mitigated at the local level.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

--?

Primary and secondary effects may arise. Potentially significant cumulative effects depending on the length of line new required and route taken.

Potential for linear infrastructure and possible land take to accommodate new or improved rail to adversely affect biodiversity sites and networks through damage, disturbance and fragmentation of networks. Some of these sites may be of national or international importance. Actual effects will depend on siting and design at a more detailed stage of development, and there is scope for mitigation to be built in at this level.

Promotes human health

+/-?

Minor secondary effects.

Potential for minor secondary benefits arising from reduction of more polluting forms of transport in favour of more efficient mode. Electricity generated and localised effects of operation of the route could generate emissions, noise and vibration that in turn has a minor adverse effect on the health of some communities.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++/-

Short term negative effects should become longer term positive effects.

Whilst the link could provide community benefits overall (investment, employment, access to services, and tourism), there is potential for noise and vibration issues for some communities, particularly those who are located close to the line. Appropriate siting, design and mitigation would be required.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++/-?

Likely to support regeneration and growth within urban centres. The proposal would improve infrastructure capacity from a national / strategic perspective and would encourage a shift to more sustainable modes of transport to some extent. However, it may also encourage longer distance commuting from a strategic perspective, potentially generating negative effects.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++

Minor secondary adverse effects from electricity generation and consumption, but potential for positive long term effects overall

Although there would be benefits arising from a shift from road and air transport (producing fewer emissions per mile when compared), the link could increase journey distances overall. Electricity generated to power the link would also increase emissions , and would have the potential for secondary effects on other aspects of the environment. Although a travel reduction policy may be more effective, this may not contribute positively to sustainable economic growth. As a result, and in light of the potential for displacement of short haul air travel and associated emissions, and the improvements that would arise by replacing diesel trains with electric stock and infrastructure, positive effects are predicted overall. The case for alternative options focusing on improved use of existing infrastructure has been raised by some environmental and transport experts. ⁴⁵

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

--?

Potential cumulative effects depending on the length of line required

Potential for secondary effects arising from increased travel distance and energy generation overall. Possible changes to the water environment arising from engineering requirements. The line is likely to cross and be close to numerous watercourses, and given the scale of the projects, effects may be of a significant magnitude. Mitigation to avoid or minimise impacts and application of appropriate regulatory regimes including the CAR would be required at the site level.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

--?

Potential cumulative effects depending on the length of line required

There is potential for new rail construction to result in land take including of previously undeveloped land. The development could affect important soil resources including peatland areas and prime quality agricultural land. Mitigation to avoid or minimise impacts would be required at the site level. Effects may be significant given the scale of development, but remain uncertain at this stage.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

0

Potential cumulative effects depending on the length of line required

Whilst the project could provide benefits from the predominantly urban central belt, benefits for rural areas are likely to be more limited. No effects in relation to sustainable waste management or use of brownfield land.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

--?

Potential cumulative effects depending on the length of line required

There is potential for negative effects arising where new track is constructed, including loss of known and unknown archaeological resources, impacts of historic buildings associated with established railway infrastructure, and effects on the setting of some historic sites. Mitigation to avoid or minimise impacts would be required at the site level. Effects may be significant given the scale of development, but remain uncertain at this stage.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

-?

Potential cumulative effects depending on the length of line required

There is potential for negative effects on landscape, although this will depend on the extent to which new track is required and whether or not additional infrastructure will be located within landscapes where transport corridors are already an established component of the landscape. Mitigation such as tunnelling and appropriate routing could reduce these effects but may also have implications for other environmental resources (e.g. soil, biodiversity, archaeology and groundwater). Effects are not currently expected to be significant at this stage, but require further assessment as the project progresses.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

?

Effects on biodiversity were stated as unknown within the SEA of the RTS, and it was noted that further assessment would be required.

Promotes human health

+

The RTSSEA predicted positive effects for population and human health as a result of the development. This was expected due to improved air quality.

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

+

Secondary effects.

General improvements to the living environment of the central Aberdeen area would be achieved, with health impacts as discussed above. The development is likely to support communities in the wider Aberdeenshire area by facilitating sustainable commuting.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

++

Cumulative effects.

The project has the potential to help deliver a long term settlement expansion strategy for Aberdeen and the shire, by helping to improve accessibility of potential development areas by rail. Cumulatively positive effects would arise from the proposed incremental approach to infrastructure enhancement.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

+

The development is predicted in the RTSSEA to lead to a reducing in green house gas emissions, providing air quality benefits and being assessed as neutral in relation to climate change.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

?

Effects on water resources were stated as unknown within the SEA of the RTS, and it was noted that further assessment would be required.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

?

Effects on soils were stated as unknown within the SEA of the RTS, and it was noted that further assessment would be required.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

The development has the potential to contribute to wider strategies for rural development, assisting communities by providing improved access to services and employment. No effects on relation to brownfield land, minerals issues or waste management are currently expected.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

0

Effects on cultural heritage were predicted to be neutral in the RTSSEA. Potential local level effects will require further consideration and potentially mitigation at the site level.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

?

Effects on landscape were stated as unknown within the SEA of the RTS, and it was noted that further assessment would be required. Effects may be limited given that best use will be made of existing infrastructure.

Protects or enhances biodiversity, flora or fauna

-?

Primary and secondary effects

The Moray Firth SAC and Ramsar site, several SSSIs and some areas of ancient woodland could be affected, directly or indirectly by the development. Increased frequency of use of the route may increase potential for disturbance of protected species. Strengthening of linear infrastructure also has the potential to increase fragmentation of habitat networks. As the precise specification of the project is not currently known, it is not possible to fully assess the effects of the development on biodiversity at this stage, although negative effects are generally anticipated given the value and vulnerability of the receiving environment..

Promotes human health

+

Secondary effects.

The development could, in principle, assist with a reduction in road transport in the A96 corridor, thereby positively influencing the health of communities along the route (reduced noise, improved air quality etc.)

Safeguards or enhances the living environments of people or communities

++

The development should provide benefits for quality of life in the Inverness to Aberdeen area as a whole, by facilitating a shift to higher levels of rail use and therefore potentially reducing road congestion and safety issues. Increased access to services, especially for those living in and around Dalcross could bring significant benefits, particularly in light of existing high levels of reliance on car use in the Inverness and Nairn area.

Promotes the development of a sustainable settlement pattern and physical infrastructure

+/++

Long term benefits of infrastructure investment.

The development is likely to complement overall proposals for sustainable growth in the area. An infrastructure led approach to key development areas, including the A96 corridor should be supported by the proposed improvements to the rail service. The development would make best use of existing infrastructure, minimising requirements for the use of additional resources.

Reduces energy consumption and / or CO ₂ emissions

++

Net effects of emissions savings may be minor.

The development has the potential to reduce emissions from the transport sector, given that rail generates roughly two thirds of the carbon emissions of car travel, per passenger mile. However, significant benefits in this respect would be reduced as a result of the potential for the development to contribute to an a growth in commuting and increased travel distance overall. This requires further exploration and quantification at the project scale, but at present positive effects are expected overall. Local air quality is also likely to benefit from the modal shift that would be facilitated by the development.

Reduces water pollution or enhances water quality

?

There are no existing significant water management issues in the area at present, according to the Significant Water Management Issues Report for the Scottish River Basin District. Flooding is a potential issue throughout the area surrounding the railway line. Further assessment of effects on the water environment and application of existing regulatory mechanisms including the CAR would be required at the project scale.

Protects or enhances the quality of soils

?

Effects on soils cannot be fully assessed at this stage, given that the precise proposals remain unclear at this stage. Potential for effects on a geological SSSI in the area.

Encourages efficient use of land and resources

+

No significant effects are anticipated in relation to minerals or the use of brownfield land. The development has the potential to make a generally positive contribution to rural development throughout the area by improving connectivity to key regional centres.

Safeguards or enhances where appropriate the built environment

-?

A large number of designated and non designated historic sites are located along the length of the route, and there are also numerous Listed Buildings and conservation areas within towns through which the railway passes, and several Historic Gardens and Designed Landscapes close to the railway. Many of these have the potential to be affected by improvements to the railway line, either direct through damage arising from construction, or indirectly as a result of changes to their setting. However, the precise nature of these effects cannot be fully evaluated at this stage in the process. Appropriate site level planning and assessment of its effects would be required to minimise potential adverse effects as far as possible.

Respects and protects the character, diversity and special qualities of Scotland's landscapes.

0

No significant effects are anticipated, given that the development involves primarily making best use of existing infrastructure. The projects would require relatively minor additional construction. The railway is already an established feature within its surrounding landscape.