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BUILDING CONSENSUS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING IN SCOTLAND: A REVIEW OF BEST PRACTICE

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BUILDING CONSENSUS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING IN SCOTLAND: A REVIEW OF BEST PRACTICE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following listing includes all the documents which informed this report, many of which were not explicitly referred to in the main text. In order to assist the location of relevant material the bibliography is divided into sections partly by geographical coverage and partly by subject matter, though inevitably there is overlap between categories.

SCOTTISH POLICY - FORESTRY
ASH Consulting Group, Birley, T and G Watt, (1996) Balancing forestry with other land uses, Forestry Commission, Scottish Natural Heritage, RSPB.
Forestry Commission Policy and Practice Division (undated) Social Forestry in the UK Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Forestry Commission (undated) Community benefits and forestry, Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Forest Enterprise (undated) Working with communities in Scotland: our commitment, Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Fornstedt, A and J Fredén (eds.) (1999) New Initiatives for Forest and Natural Resource Management by Local Communities - Mutual learning between the South and the North. Report from conference held in Uppsala November 16, 1998. Department of Rural Development Studies, Sveriges Lantbruks Universitet, Uppsala.

SCOTTISH POLICY - PARTICIPATION
Fagan, G (1997) 'New Ideas in Rural Development No 3: Involving rural communities: the CADISPA approach', Rural Affairs and Natural Heritage Research Programme Research Findings No. 9, Edinburgh: Scottish Office.
Govan, H, A Inglis, J Pretty, M Harrison and A Wightman (1998) 'Best practice in community participation for National Parks', SNH Review No. 107, Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage.
Killeen, D (2000) Community first, Edinburgh: Scottish Social Inclusion Network and http://www.scotland.gov.uk/socialjustice/ssin/pdfpapers/SSIN_10_1.pdf.
Rural Forum (1998) 'Structures for local partnerships', Good Practice in Rural Development No. 4, Edinburgh: Scottish Office CRU.
Rural Forum Rural Research Branch, SOCRU (1997) 'Community Involvement in rural development initiatives', Good Practice in Rural Development No. 2, Edinburgh: Scottish Office CRU.
Scottish Executive (2001) Initiative at the Edge Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/edge/bays.htm.
Scottish Executive (2000) Involving civil society in the work of parliaments, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library3/government/civicp.pdf.
Scottish Executive Policy Unit (2000) Civic participation: changing gear. Policy Unit Project. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library3/government/civicp.pdf.
Scottish Executive Press Office (1999) Government Builds Stronger Communities, Edinburgh: Scottish Office, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/ news/releas99_4/ pr0938.htm, April 1999.
Scottish Natural Heritage (1999) Working with local communities - caring for our natural heritage, Edinburgh: SNH.
Scottish Office (1995) Shaping Partnerships - our aims for rural Scotland, Edinburgh: Scottish Office. http://www.official-documents.co.uk/document/scottish/r-scot/c5.htm
Scottish Social Inclusion Network (2000) Further report from the Inclusive Communities Action Team in response to the request from SSIN, Edinburgh: Scottish Social Inclusion Network. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/socialjustice/ssin/pdfpapers/SSIN_10_2.pdf.
Sidaway, R (1998) 'Consensus building', Good practice in rural development No. 5, Scottish National Rural Partnership.
Slee, B and P Snowdon (1997) 'Effective Partnership Working', Good Practice in Rural Development No. 1, Scottish National Partnership/HMSO.
Watkins, L. and A Brown (1999) 'New Ideas in Rural Development 7: Community Development Agents in Rural Scotland', Research Findings 2, Agricultural Policy Co-ordination and Rural Development Research Programme, Edinburgh: SOCRU.

SCOTTISH POLICY - OTHER RURAL
Scottish Biodiversity Group (1999) Local biodiversity action plans (LBAPs), Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/biodiversity/lbap.htm.
Scottish Executive (2000) Policy Report and Recommendations of the National Goose Forum, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalgooseforum/ngf-00.asp# .
Scottish Executive (2001) Responses to the draft national parks (Scotland) bill, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/nationalparksscotland/response.htm.
Scottish Natural Heritage (undated) Focus on Firths, Edinburgh: SNH. http://www.snh.org.uk/scottish/ns-in01.htm.
SNH (2000 ) A proposal for a Cairngorms National Park, Edinburgh: SNH.
SNH (2000) River Spey - Towards a Catchment - Management Plan, Edinburgh: SNH.
Scottish Parliament (1999), Land Reform: Proposals for Legislation. White Paper. Edinburgh: The Stationery Office. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library2/doc01/lrpl-00.htm.
WWF-UK (undated) Manifesto for the Cairngorms, Godalming, Surrey: WWF-UK.

SCOTLAND REPORTS - COMMUNITY PLANNING
Black, S and E Conway (1995) 'Community-led rural development policies in the Highlands and Islands: the European Community's LEADER programme', Local Economy 10 (3) 229-245.
Burnett, K A (1998) 'Local heroics: Reflecting on incomers and local rural development discourses in Scotland', Sociologia Ruralis 38 (2) 204-268.
Clarke, R, C Delap, R Rennie, and V Coombe (undated) Using People's Juries in Social Inclusion Partnerships: Guidance for SIPs, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library3/social/upji-00.asp
Gillespie, S, M Telfer, and V Halhead on behalf of the Duthchas team (2000) 'Sowing seeds of sustainability with Duthchas' in Greenwood, L (2000) 'Participatory processes in the North', PLA Notes 38, London: IIED, pp. 64-67.
Illsley, B and J McCarthy (1998) 'Community-led planning? The case of Dundee', Scottish Geographical Magazine 114(2) 103-108.
Lloyd, G and B Illsley (1999) 'An idea for its time? Community planning and reticulism in Scotland', Regional Studies 33 (2) 181-184.
Louise Brown Research (2000) Evaluation Of The Local Rural Partnership Scheme, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.
Rogers, S, M Smith, H Sullivan and Clarke, M (2000) Community Planning in Scotland: an evaluation of the Pathfinder Projects, Edinburgh: CoSLA/Scottish Office.
Shucksmith, M, P Chapman and G M Clark (1994) Disadvantage in rural Scotland, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [Also published as Rural Scotland Today: the best of both worlds, Edinburgh: HMSO (Scotland).].

SCOTLAND REPORTS - RURAL ISSUES
Edwards-Jones, S (1997) 'The River Valleys Project: a participatory approach to integrated catchment planning and management in Scotland', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 40(1) 125 - 142.
Inglis, A. and S. Guy (1996) 'Rural development forestry in Scotland: the struggle to bring international principles and best practices to the last bastion of British colonial forestry' RDFN Network Paper 20b, London: Overseas Development Institute.
Scottish Executive (1999) The Skye bridge otters - 'consensual statement' produced, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive and http://www.scotland.gov.uk/otters/ft-background.html.
Scottish Office (1998) Towards a development strategy for rural Scotland: the Framework, Edinburgh: Scottish Office.
Sidaway, R (1997) 'Evaluation of Indicative Forestry Strategies in Scotland', Rural Affairs and Natural Heritage Research Programme Research Findings No 13, Edinburgh: Scottish Office.
Towers, W, J Bromham and D Torley (1996) 'Woodlands in the Forest of Spey: past, present and future' in Niskanen and Vayrynen.
Younis, T (1997) 'Bottom-up implementation after Rio: rural community participation in Scottish forestry', Community Development Journal 32(4) 299-311.

COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
Dalby, S and F Mackenzie (1997) 'Reconceptualising local community: Environment, identity and threat', Area 29 (2) 99-108.
Duffy, K and J Hutchinson (1997) 'Urban policy and the turn to community', Town Planning Review 68 (3) 347-362.
Liepins, R (2000) New energies for an old idea: reworking approaches to `community' in contemporary rural studies, Journal of Rural Studies 16 (1) 23-35.
Shucksmith M, 2000, 'Endogenous development - social capital and social inclusion: perspectives from LEADER in the UK', Sociologia Ruralis 40 (2) 208-218.

COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (NORTH)
Anderson, R F (1987) 'Community Planning for small quantity hazardous waste generators', Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1) 104-111.
Martin P and S Lockie (1993) 'Environmental information for total catchment management - incorporating local knowledge', Australian Geographer, May (1993), 24 (1) 75-85.
O'Riordan T and R Ward (1997) ;Building trust in shoreline management: creating participatory consultation in shoreline management plans', Land Use Policy 14 (4) 257-276.
Reynolds G and M J Elson (1996) 'The sustainable use of sensitive countryside sites for sport and active recreation', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 39 (4) 563 - 576.
Short, C and M Winter (1999) 'The problem of common land: towards stakeholder governance', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 42 (5) 613-630.
Sidaway, R (1998) 'Access management by local consensus' Rights of Way Law Review 13 (1) 7-12.

COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (SOUTH)
Ghimire, K B and M P Pimbert (1998) 'Heading off conservation coalitions. Can people, parks, wildlife and ecosystems all win?' id21Research Highlight, Falmer, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
Homewood, K (1998) 'Rights reserved: is wildlife conservation compatible with development?' id21Research Highlight, Falmer, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
Kellert, S, Mehta, J N, Ebbin, S A and L Lichtenfeld (2000) 'Community Natural Resource Management: Promise, Rhetoric, and Reality', Society and Natural Resources 13 (8) 705-715.
Leach, M, Mearns, R and I Scoones (eds.) (1997) 'Community-based sustainable development: consensus or conflict?' IDS Bulletin 28 (4).
Pimbert, M P and J N Pretty (1995) Parks, people and professionals: putting 'participation' into protected area management, UNRISD Discussion Paper DP 57, UNRISD, Geneva.
Singleton, S (2000) 'Co-operation or Capture? The Paradox of Co-management and Community Participation in Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policy' Environmental Politics 9 (2).
Twyman, C (1998) 'Rethinking community resource management: managing resources or managing people in western Botswana?' Third World Quarterly 19 (4) 745-770.
Twyman, C (2000) 'Livelihood, opportunity and diversity in Kalahari wildlife management areas, Botswana: rethinking Community Based Natural Resource Management', Journal of Southern African Studies 26(4) 783-806.
Warner, M (1997) 'Consensus participation: an example for protected areas planning' Public Administration and Development, 17 (4).
Wells, M P (1998) 'Biodiversity conservation and local people's development aspirations', id21Research Highlight, Falmer, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.

CONSENSUS BUILDING CASE STUDIES
Petts, J (1995) 'Waste Management Strategy Development: A Case Study of Community Involvement and Consensus-Building in Hampshire', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 38 (4) 519-536.
Roe, M (2000) 'Landscape planning for sustainability: community participation in Estuary Management Plans', Landscape Research 25 (2) 157-181.
Wood, R Handley, J and S Kidd (1999) 'Sustainable Development and Institutional Design: The Example of the Mersey Basin Campaign', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 42 (3) 341-354.
Wragg, A. (2000) 'Towards sustainable landscape planning: experiences from the Wye Valley AONB', Landscape Planning 25 (2) 183-200.
Tewdwr-Jones, M and D Thomas (1998) Collaborative action in local plan-making: planners' perceptions of planning through debate. Environment and Planning (B) 25 127-44

CONSENSUS BUILDING - PRINCIPLES
deHavenSmith, L and J R Wodraska (1996) Consensus-building for integrated resources planning, Public Administration Review 56(4) 367-371.
Environment Council (1995) Beyond compromise: building consensus in environmental planning and decision making, Environmental Resolve, The Environmental Council, London.
Forester, J (1999) The Deliberative Practitioner: encouraging participatory planning practices, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Godschalk, DR and RG Paterson (1999) 'Collaborative conflict management comes of age', Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 16 (2) 91-95.
Healey, P (1996) 'Consensus building across difficult divisions: new approaches to collaborative strategy making', Planning Practice and Research 11(2) 207-216.
Healey, P (1998) 'Building institutional capacity through collaborative approaches to urban planning', Environment and Planning A 30 1531-1546.
Innes, J E (1996) 'Planning through consensus building: a new view of the comprehensive planning ideal', Journal of the American Planning Association, 62 (4) 460-472.
Kumar, A and R Paddison (2000) 'Trust and collaborative planning theory: the case of the Scottish planning system', International Planning Studies 5(2) 205-223.
Leach M, Mearns R, and I Scoones (2000) 'Consensus or conflict? Time for a reality check on community-based sustainable development', id21Research Highlights, Falmer, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
Leach, M Mearns, R and I Scoones (1997) Institutions consensus and conflict: implications for policy and practice, IDS Bulletin 28(4) 90-95.
Liebmann, M. (2000) Mediation in context, Jessica Kingsley.
Lijphart, A (1998) 'Consensus and consensus democracy: cultural, structural, functional, and rational-choice explanations', Scandinavian Political Studies 21(2) 99-108.
Local Government Management Board (undated) Community Consensus Building: LA21 Case Study 31. Luton: LGMB.
Lubell, M (2000) 'Cognitive conflict and consensus building in the National Estuary Program' American Behavioral Scientist, Dec 2000, 44 (4) 629-648.
Nye, N and N J Glickman (2000) 'Working together: building capacity for community development' Housing Policy Debate, 2000, 11 (1) 163-198.
Oels, A (2000) The power of visioning: an evaluation of community-based Future Search Conferences in England and Germany, PhD Thesis, Norwich: University of East Anglia.
Pellow, D N (1999) 'Negotiation and confrontation: environmental policymaking through consensus', Society and Natural Resources, 12 (3) 189 - 203.
Resolve (2001) Consensus Building, Washington, DC: Resolve, Inc.
Sidaway, R and H Ingram (2000) Consensus building and environmental decision making, in Liebmann, 2000.
Skollerhorn, E (1998) 'Habermas and Nature: The Theory of Communicative Action for Studying Environmental Policy', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 41(5), 555-573.
Weisbord, M R and Janoff, S (1995) Future Search: action guide to finding common ground in organisations and communities, San Francisco: Berret-Koehler.

FORESTRY - GENERAL
Bouriaud, L (1999) 'Linking social needs and interests in regional forest planning: a case in France', in Niskanen and Väyryen, (eds.), 1999, pp 63-72.
Buck, A Kanz, S-Y Masopust, P Mayer, E Rametsteiner, C Riemelmaser and C Wildburger (2000) Ten years of commitment to Europe's forests. Vienna: Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, Liaison Unit.
Clegg, J & Co., Firn Crichton Roberts Ltd (undated) Monitoring the health and financial viability of forest industry businesses, Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
ECE/FAO/ILO Team of Specialists on Participation in Forestry (1997) People, forests and sustainability: social elements of sustainable forest management in Europe Geneva: ILO
ECE/FAO/ILO Team of Specialists on Participation in Forestry (2000) Public participation in forestry in Europe and North America Geneva: ILO
ERM Ltd (1999) The Value of Trees and Woodlands, Countryside Commission.
Forestry Commission (1996) Involving communities in forestry through community participation, Forestry Practice Guide 10, Forestry Commission.
Forestry Commission, DfID, DANI (1998) The sustainable management of forests: a supplementary consultation paper to 'Opportunities for Change', Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Forest Enterprise (undated) Working with communities in Britain: how to get involved, Edinburgh: Forest Enterprise.
Future Foundation (undated) FORESTRY FUTURES: Drivers for Change in Forest Recreation, Future Foundation.
Heeley, T (ed.) (1999) Community Forestry: a change for the better, Conference Proceedings, 7-9 December (1999), Forestry Commission and Countryside Agency.
Henwood, K (2001) Exploring linkages between the environment and health: Is there a role for environmental and countryside agencies in promoting benefits to health? Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Niskanen, A and J Väyryen (eds.) (1999) Regional Forest programmes: a participatory approach to support forest based regional development. EFI Proceedings 32, , Joensuu, Finland: European Forest Institute.

FORESTRY - UK POLICY
Banks, S (1998) 'Power to the people through consensus', Planning 26/6/98.
Boehm, A and H Litwin (1997) 'The influence of organizational and personal characteristics on community planning activity', Administration in Social Work 21(1) 31-49.
Brilliant, E L (1986) 'Community planning and community problem solving - past, present and future', Social Service Review 60(4) 568-589.
Johnson, A (2000) Forests' Contribution to the Rural Economy: UK Experience, presentation at Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe - Vienna 5-7 July 2000.
Johnson, A (1996) Sustainable forestry in the United Kingdom: A Report On Progress With The UK Programme, London: HMSO.
McArthur, A (1995) 'The active involvement of local residents in strategic community partnerships' Policy and Politics 23(1) 61-72.
Ray C. (2000) 'Editorial: The EU LEADER Programme: Rural Development Laboratory', Sociologia Ruralis 40(2) 163-171.
Roberts, I (2000) 'Leicester Environment City: learning how to make Local Agenda 21, partnerships and participation deliver', Environment and Urbanization 12(2) 9-26.
Sadan, E and A Churchman (1997) 'Process-focused and product-focused community planning' Community Development Journal 32 (1) 3-16.
Sangster, M (2000) Strategy formulation and implementation in the Forestry Commission, Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Shucksmith M and P Chapman (1998) 'Rural Development and Social Exclusion', Sociologia Ruralis 38 (2) 225-242.
Slee, B, Curry, N and D Joseph (undated) Social Inclusion in the Countryside (draft) Aberdeen University and Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education.
Turner, R (1999) Towards a national forestry programme for the United Kingdom, Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.
Turner, R (2001) United Kingdom contribution to COST E19 - National Forestry Programmes, Edinbirgh: Forestry Commission.

PARTNERSHIPS
Cherrett, T (2001) 'Rural partnerships - do they add value?' EG extra 11, EG magazine 7 (3) 1-16.
Cooper, B, and C Wallace (2000) 'The evolution of partnerships', Sociological Methods and Research, 28(3) 365-381.
Hastings, A (1999) 'Analysing power relations in partnerships: is there a role for discourse analysis?', Urban Studies 36 (1) 91-106.
Mohr, J and R Spekman, (1994) 'Characteristics of partnership success - partnership attributes, communication behavior, and conflict-resolution techniques', Strategic Management Journal, 15(2)135-152
Rosenau, P V (1999) The strengths and weaknesses of public-private policy partnerships, American Behavioral Scientist, 43(1) 10-34.
Smith, M and M Beazley (2000) 'Progressive regimes, partnerships and the involvement of local communities: a framework for evaluation', Public Administration 78(4) 855-878.
Wacker, C, A Viaro and M Wolf (1999) 'Partnerships for urban environmental management: roles of urban authorities, researchers and civil society', Environment and Urbanization 11(2) 113-126.
Waddock, S A (1989) 'Understanding social partnerships - an evolutionary model of partnership organisations', Administration and society, 21(1) 78-100.
Wilson, A and K Charlton (1997) Making partnerships work: a practical guide for the public, private, voluntary and community sectors, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

PARTICIPATION IN URBAN REGENERATION
Brindley, T (2000) Community roles in urban regeneration new partnerships on London's South Bank, City 4(3) 363-378.
Chanan, G, A West, C Garratt and J Humm (1999) Regeneration and Sustainable Communities, London: Community Development Foundation.
Duncan, P and S Thomas (2000) Neighbourhood regeneration: resourcing community involvement, Bristol: The Policy Press.
Lawless, P and D Robinson (2000) 'Inclusive regeneration? Integrating social and economic regeneration in English local authorities' Town Planning Review 71 (3) 289-310.
Purdue, D, K Razzaque, R Hambleton and Stewart, M (2000) Community leadership in area regeneration, Bristol: The Policy Press.

PARTICIPATION - PRINCIPLES
Amdam, J (2000) 'Confidence building in local planning and development, some experience from Norway', European Planning Studies 8 (5) 581-600.
Atkinson, R (1999) 'Discourses of partnership and empowerment in contemporary British urban regeneration', Urban Studies 36 (1) 59-72.
Blake, J (1999) 'Overcoming the 'value-action gap' in environmental policy: tensions between national policy and local experience', Local Environment 4 (3) 257-278.
Boon, T E (1996) 'Five analytical frameworks for analysing public participation' in Niskanen and Vayrynen.
Buttoud, G (1999) Principles of participatory processes in public decision making, in Niskanen and Väyryen, pp11-28.
Chambers, R and J Blackburn (1996) 'The power of participation - PRA and policy', Policy Briefing 7, Falmer, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
Chess, C (2000) 'Evaluating environmental public participation: methodological questions', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 43 (6) 769-784.
Das Gupta, M, H Grandvoinnet and M Romani (2000) 'State-community synergies in development: laying the basis for collective action', World Bank Research Working Paper 2439, Washington DC: The World Bank.
Driver, T and Kravatsky, A (2000) 'Participatory learning and action or participatory acting?' in Greenwood, 3-5.
Freeman C, Littlewood S and D Whitney (1996) Local Government and Emerging Models of Participation in the Local Agenda 21 Process, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 39 (1) 65-78.
Greenwood, L (2000) 'Participatory processes in the North', Participatory Learning and Action Notes 38, London: IIED.
Grimble R. and K Wellard (1997) 'Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities' Agricultural Systems 55(2) 173-193.
Hull, A (1995) 'New models for implementation theory: striking a consensus on windfarms', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 38(3) 285-306.
Mabey, N (1996) Stakeholding and the Environment, Godalming, Surrey: WWF-UK.
Macnaghten, P, R Grove-White, M Jacobs and B Wynne (1995) Public perceptions and sustainability in Lancashire, Preston: Lancashire County Council.
Margerum, R D and S M Born (1995) 'Integrated environmental management: moving from theory to practice', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 38 (3) 371-391.
Minogue, M, C Polidano and D Hulme (1997) 'Reorganising the state towards more inclusive governance', id21 Research Highlights and IDS Insights #23, Falmer, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.
Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation (2000) Neighbourhood Initiatives: working with communities, Telford: Neighbourhood Initiatives Foundation.
New Economics Foundation/UK Participation Network (1998) Participation works! London: New Economics Foundation.
Palerm, J R (2000) 'An empirical/theoretical analysis framework for public participation in environmental impact assessment', Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 43(5) 581-600.
Parker, G (1999) Rights, symbolic violence, and the micropolitics of the rural: the case of the Parish Paths Partnership scheme, Environment and Planning A 31(7) 1207-1222.
Renn, O (1998) 'The role of risk communication and public dialogue for improving risk management' Risk Decision and Policy 3(1) 5-30.
Sharp, L and S Connelly (forthcoming) 'Theorising participation: pulling down the Ladder' in Rydin, Y and A Thornley (eds.) Planning in the UK - agendas for the new millennium, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Warner, M (1996) 'Linking PRA to policy: the conflict analysis framework', PLA Notes 27, London: IIED.
Warner, M and P Jones (1998) 'Assessing the need to manage conflict in community-based natural resource projects', Natural Resource Perspectives 35, London: Overseas Development Institute.
Wates, N (1999) The community planning handbook: how people can shape their cities, towns and villages in any part of the world, London: Earthscan.
Williams, L (1995) 'Resolving planning conflicts', Town & Country Planning 263-265.

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